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PAGE 64 Pleasanton BART station, which is at the end of the line. Further, there was concern about the release of individuals from Santa Rita Jail. Some individuals were frustrated by the release of violent criminals without community notification, and called for transition services to keep people from being unhoused and unsupported. While all participants talked about safety, there were nuances among youth, people who were undocumented, and people experiencing intimate partner violence. Youth noted the need for psychological safety most frequently (though not exclusively). This included exposure to racism and threats of gender-based violence. Additionally, youth noted a lack of safety in school (fear of bombs or school shootings) and out of school (fear of fights and other violence in the community). (See additional details under youth). People who were undocumented were afraid to report crimes. One participant elaborated on this: “There’s a fear of the system, right? So if you’re here, undocumented, and you are now having to report this crime, and the fear of ICE [Immigrant and Customs Enforcement] coming to your house being deported…the question is always, ‘How is this going to affect me in the future?’ If they are trying to become residents of this country, there’s always the fear of ‘well, you have obtained services prior to being legal here. So this is going to affect you.’ So there’s always that fear of not wanting to receive any type of services that are government related because of that.” Intimate partner violence (IPV) was also raised as a factor affecting residents’ safety, including those housed and unhoused. One participant said that people who are experiencing an emergency IPV situation have to wait 26–48 hours for shelter because there is no same-day emergency shelter availability. The connection between IPV and housing was also made in the 2011 needs assessment and further substantiated in the Tri- PIT count.7,13 The primary cause of being unhoused was domestic violence, at 22%. A participant in the nonprofit focus group noted increased IPV in communities. According to a representative from Tri-Valley Haven, a nonprofit that provides services for individuals experiencing domestic violence and sexual assault, there was a slight decline in sexual crisis calls during the pandemic, likely due to victims having to remain with their perpetrators. Since pandemic restrictions have loosened, the number of domestic violence crisis calls have increased 20–25%. Transportation While many aspects of transportation are outside the direct purview of human services, it nevertheless affects the ability of many populations to receive care. Transportation is a long-term challenge for the Tri-Valley as it arose as a distinct community need in the 2011 needs assessment.7 The 2022 Kaiser Permanente needs assessment also noted that for Tri-Valley residents, access to transportation to access health care and to get to work was challenging. One nonprofit leader in the report noted: “People in East County [Tri-Valley] usually have to travel, and some people do not have access to transportation to access health care. For low-income communities and communities of color, transportation and traveling to a site is a barrier. Older adults are also struggling with transportation.” In this needs assessment, transportation was frequently identified as a challenge to being able to receive health care and mental health services, especially those outside the Tri-Valley. “We do have more services now than there had been, but if somebody is looking for mental health services, and they have to travel out to Hayward to get the services… it can take two hours each way. And it’s really draining. We’re doing work to get mental health services more out here, but I don’t think we’ve even scratched the surface of what’s needed here right now.” As shown in Figure 48 and Table 24, rates of household vehicle access are fairly high across the Tri-Valley. Among those with vehicles, the John Muir needs assessment found that rates of extreme commuting, defined as greater than a 90-minute drive each way, were 11% in Dublin, and 7% in both Livermore and Pleasanton.9 This was more than twice the average rate in Alameda County, which was 5%. EASTERN ALAMEDA COUNTY HUMAN SERVICES NEEDS ASSESSMENTSS Page 122 of 554