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An expense that can be traced directly to a specific cost center or cost object such as a <br />department, process or product. <br />Direct Labor <br />Cost of personnel that can be identified in the product or service, such as the salary of the <br />person who provides the direct service. <br />Discretionary Costs <br />Costs changed easily by management decisions such as advertising, repairs and <br />maintenance and research and development. Also called managed costs. <br />Division <br />An organizational component of a department, which may be further subdivided into <br />programs. <br />Division Overhead <br />The cost of the division's indirect labor and material/supplies divided by the division's direct <br />salary and wages cost. The result is expressed as a percentage to be applied to direct salary <br />and wages. <br />Effective Interest Methods <br />Premiums, discounts, bond issuance costs amortized over life of debt issue. <br />Encumbrance <br />The commitment of appropriated funds to purchase goods or services. An encumbrance is <br />not an expenditure. An encumbrance reserves funds to be expended. <br />Equity <br />The difference between fund assets and fund liabilities. <br />Estimate <br />To approximate. <br />Estimated Economic (Useful) Life <br />The period over which a property is expected to be usable, by one or more users, with <br />normal repairs and maintenance, for the purpose(s) for which it is intended. <br />Expenditure/Expense <br />The outflow of funds paid or to be paid for an asset obtained or goods and services <br />obtained regardless of when the expenditure is actually paid. The term expenditure applies <br />to Governmental Funds. The term expense is used for Enterprise and Internal Service <br />Funds. For complete fund descriptions, refer to the Guide to Funds/Fund Descriptions. <br />Fee <br />Cost of a service. <br />Fiscal Year <br />The 12 -month period for recording financial transactions specified by the City as beginning <br />July 1st and ending June 30th. <br />Fixed Assets <br />Assets of long-term character such as land, buildings, machinery, equipment or furniture. <br />Fixed Asset Management <br />201 <br />