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VIII. Replacement and Functional Values <br />Urban forests have a replacement value based on the trees themselves (e.g., the cost of having to replace a tree with <br />a similar tree); they also have functional values (either positive or negative) based on the functions the trees perform. <br />The replacement value of an urban forest tends to increase with a rise in the number and size of healthy trees <br />(Nowak et al 2002a). Annual functional values also tend to increase with increased number and size of healthy trees. <br />Through proper management, urban forest values can be increased; however, the values and benefits also can <br />decrease as the amount of healthy tree cover declines. <br />Urban trees in City of Pleasanton have the following replacement values: <br />• Replacement value: $99.4 million <br />• Carbon storage: $1.86 million <br />Urban trees in City of Pleasanton have the following annual functional values: <br />• Carbon sequestration: $56.8 thousand <br />• Avoided runoff: $12.7 thousand <br />• Pollution removal: $21.2 thousand <br />• Energy costs and carbon emission values: $0 <br />(Note: negative value indicates increased energy cost and carbon emission value) <br />If <br />L <br />(CA valley oak) Species <br />Figure 11. Tree species with the greatest replacement value, City of Pleasanton <br />Page 16 <br />78 of 219 <br />