Planning Commission Supplemental Materials 11-12-25 (2)

CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY REPORT 4400 Black Ave 6 More evidence is available from Early Period (4000-500 BCE) in the San Francisco Bay Area, when the “Windmiller pattern” emerged. This pattern is characterized by large stemmed and concave-base obsidian projectile points, rectangular Olivella beads, charmstones, extended burials facing toward the west, and the replacement of milling slabs with mortars and pestles. Few high-density shell deposits are found compared to later periods, suggesting a preferential use of terrestrial rather than marine resources; however, semi-sedentary land use, shell mound development, and evidence of regional trade are typical in some areas of the Bay. This cultural pattern appears earlier in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, suggesting an influx of traditions or people from those areas into the Bay Area at some point during the period. In the interior East Bay, mortars and pestles first appear after 4000 BCE and are ubiquitous by 1500 BCE (Milliken et al. 2007:115; Moratto 1984: 277). The Lower Middle Period (or Berkeley Pattern, 500 BCE to 430 CE) is marked by major cultural disruptions, such as the disappearance of the square Olivella bead tradition and the introduction of new bead types, much lower frequency of projectile points, introduction of flexed burials, and introduction of decorative objects that may represent religious or cosmological beliefs. The period also saw the increased use of marine resources throughout the Bay Area and the development of a network of large shellmounds (Lightfoot 1997; Moratto 1984:283; Lightfoot and Luby 2002; Leventhal 1993). In the Upper Middle Period (430-1050 CE), a major cultural shift seems to have taken place, with the collapse of trade networks, site abandonment, and the introduction of new bead forms and burial patterns. This tradition, known as the Meganos complex, was characterized by extended dorsal burials with elaborate grave goods and found at sites near the project area such as CA-ALA-413 (Santa Rita village) in southern Pleasanton (Wiberg 1988), or CA-ALA-453 in Union City (Jones et al. 1987). The Late Period (1050-1550 CE) is characterized by significant social transformations, an increase in social complexity, increased sedentism, and the unification of ceremonial systems around the Bay Area. Changes in material culture include the introduction of the bow and arrow (with accompanying development of arrow-sized projectile points), harpoons, tubular tobacco pipe, clamshell disc beads, and new forms of ornamentation such as the Haliotis ‘banjo’ effigy ornaments became more popular. Socially, increasing intensity of trade relations, increased sedentism, and cremation of high status individuals appeared. The last two centuries before Spanish contact saw a series of changes in shell bead types, mortuary wealth distribution, and the introduction of new technology types such as the hopper mortar, though some of these innovations were slow to arrive in the eastern and southern parts of the Bay Area (Milliken et al. 2007:117). ETHNOGRAPHY At the time of Spanish contact, the people of Amador Valley (encompassing present day Pleasanton and Dublin) spoke the Chochenyo dialect of the Ohlone/Costanoan language. Closely related to the Miwok languages, Ohlone/Costanoan is a branch of the Yok-Utian subfamily of the Penutian languages, which are spoken in Central California and along the Pacific Coast as far as southeast Alaska. Penutian speakers seem to have entered central California from the northern Great Basin around 4,000–4,500 years ago and arrived in the San Francisco Bay Area about 1,500 years ago,